I can’t imagine Rod Stewart and Ronnie Wood (Faces) were thinking about agronomy when they sang their song ‘Ooh La La’, with its classic chorus, “I wish that I knew what I know now when I was younger“. But it can be life-altering if you’ve ever played that reflection game. How I think about agriculture has drastically changed over the years, and it is more of a philosophical difference than a technical one.
The Early Days
I have never been overly dogmatic about farming practices. Early in my career, I recognized that there are many ways to grow good food sustainably. But, looking back over my 35 years in agriculture, there has been a strict boundary between humans and plants. I learned that plants were not sentient beings, incapable of “consciousness”, hardwired and genetically determined to respond to environmental stimuli. Despite being a staunch believer in metaphysics and other ideas that are not explained via biology, chemistry, and physics, I was never comfortable expressing my belief that plants are sensory beings capable of thinking, feeling, seeing, hearing, and smelling.
For many reading this article, the previous sentence is enough for them to stop reading. However, I am not trying to equate the sensory evolution of animals with that of plants. The academy has done a great disservice in not recognizing the complexity of plants, particularly their millions of years of co-evolution with microbes. Plants don’t have a central nervous system, a brain, or an endocannabinoid system that coordinates information for the entire body like animals do. Yet, plants use chemical signals that act as fast neurotransmitters and can have interspecies communication that far exceeds the ability of humans.
So, using more recent examples of our increased understanding of the plant:soil:microbial interface, I want to highlight the importance of discerning facts versus theories when implementing “sound” agricultural advice.
How Plants Eat
Most plant physiology textbooks point to three ways plants take up nutrients:
Mass flow (water movement via transpiration)
Diffusion (nutrient gradients)
Active transport (proton pumps)
Whether discussing conventional or organic farming, the above has been the dominant belief for decades. Recently, researcher James White has brought attention to another way plants eat: the rhizophagy cycle. Microbes enter the plant root at the root cap; the plant then uses oxygen (superoxide) to digest some of the microbe cells to retrieve nutrients and discards the remaining microbe via root hairs. This ‘mining’ of microbes by plants may help explain why many farmers with high soil organic matter do not see nutrient deficiencies in their crops despite not adding the recommended fertilizer rates. A common estimate suggested that each percent of soil organic matter was the equivalent of 10 to 15 pounds of nitrogen per acre per year. But we now see farmers with 5% soil organic matter having superior yields with little or no additional fertilizers.
How Plants Talk
Once again, most agroecology textbooks note yield losses when crops aren’t grown in monocultures, or that competition from weeds will impact yield. University of British Columbia researcher Suzanne Simard showed that in natural ecosystems, plants, with help from fungi, communicate with each other. Her research highlighted that they communicate (i.e., exchange hormones and signal messengers) and share nutrients like water, sugar, and trace elements. The notion of survival of the fittest is not surprisingly the thought paradigm in modern agriculture, despite Nature providing constant examples of ‘better together’.
Plants are Similar to Humans
Plants and humans share many of the same genes, and, as evidenced by transgenics, animal genes can be placed into plant genes. The similarity at a DNA level is exciting but doesn’t stop there. The relatively recent discovery that humans, in terms of cells, are more bacteria than anything else has brought attention to the notion of the microbiome, especially of the gut. The gut microbiome is responsible for much of our nutrient absorption, as well as our immune system and hormone production (i.e., 90% of our serotonin and 50% of our dopamine). The parallels for plants are striking. The phytobiome, most notably the rhizomicrobiome, is the plant’s gut and similarly plays critical roles in nutrient uptake and plant health, including immune responses.
These examples showcase how our separation from plants and Nature can lead us to false understandings of the observations we make, even in our research. Whether we place fault on extrapolations from reductionist science or our species’ hubris in needing answers, when we create divisions, we lose the interconnectedness that is a prerequisite for sustainability or, more importantly, regeneration.
Much of the agronomy I was taught when I was younger was based on a worldview that plants have no agency, hardwired to respond to inputs that we can manipulate. This mentality has led to a never-ending parade of technological fixes in attempts to keep the system functioning. In contrast, a worldview that recognizes the wonder and awe of plants and is humble enough not to know all the answers is what keeps me wanting to learn more.
I started this article with a song and will finish with one. “Ah, but I was so much older then, I’m younger than that now” (My Back Pages, Bob Dylan).
For millennia, natural compounds from plants have served as indispensable resources for human health and wellbeing. [1] Forming a large bulk of the natural products, these compounds have received renewed attention for their pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, agricultural, cosmetic and recreational value. [2] Increasing concerns over synthetic compounds due to their declining efficacy, adverse health effects and harmful environmental impacts, has further fuelled the demand for natural alternatives. [3]
However, the lab-scale studies used to inform and refine commercial separation processes are typically hampered by the use of inefficient and outdated techniques. [4] Hence, the commercial exploitation of natural compounds is often constrained by low yields, high operational costs and low profitability. [5], [6]
Nonetheless, the increasing global demand for natural products has led to increased investment in research and development. This has rejuvenated innovation, leading to the development of novel technologies that improve extraction, purification and production processes. These advancements have progressed sustainable commercialization of plant-based natural products, discovery of novel compounds, and effective harnessing of nature’s fragile secrets. [7]
Classification
Natural products are compounds derived from living organisms (terrestrial or marine), where those of plant origin are called phytochemicals. A large proportion of phytochemicals are secondary metabolites.
They are synthesized in relatively small quantities and are not essential to the maintenance of a plant’s life. However, phytochemicals produced through secondary metabolism enhance the plant’s adaptability and resilience to environmental stresses due to their wide-ranging physiological and biological functions [8].
According to chemical structure, they are categorized as polyphenols (phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins), phytosterols, carotenoids, terpenes, alkaloids or sulfur-containing compounds (sulfides, glucosinolates). They exhibit multiple bioactivities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and or anticancer. From a physical perspective, they can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic, polar or non-polar, stable or thermolabile and or volatile. [5], [8], [9]
To harness these useful phytochemicals, they usually have to be extracted from their natural source. How the extraction procedure is performed affects the accuracy of extraction data, extractquality and associated costs.
Analytical, Semi-Preparative and Industrial Approaches to Extraction
An analytical approach to phytochemical extraction is normally adopted for lab-scale phytochemical screening, mechanistic studies or other preliminary investigations that guide further studies.
For qualitative analysis, the focus is to confirm the presence or absence of certain phytochemicals. Here, partial extraction may suffice where qualitative studies are usually used in screening and preliminary investigations of plant compounds. Damage to the target compounds caused by degradation or chemical alterations, and the coextraction of interfering compounds, are not so critical so long as the target phytochemicals can be detected and identified.
With quantitative analysis, the extraction process must be exhaustive, meaning the target phytochemicals are extracted from the plant material as much as possible, for accurate and reproducible results. Quantified analytical data is used to precisely assess bioactivity, improve extraction processes, ensure extract consistency or to support the development of industrial processes. Quantitation often involves the optimization of extraction parameters for your target compounds. [10], [11], [12]
Semi-preparative
With semi-preparative phytochemical extractions, the goal is to produce small quantities of highly purified extract. This approach typically involves additional preparative separation techniques (crystallization, prep-HPLC) and compound characterisation techniques (MS, NMR). The semi-preparative approach is fundamental in the discovery of novel compounds, and other small-scale studies such as process optimization used to develop industrial processes. [12], [13]
Industrial
The industrial approach to phytochemical extraction involves the large-scale production or manufacture of a commercial natural product with specified characteristics at a reasonable cost. The purity of the extract can range from undefined concentrations to 98 % and above. This approach usually involves validated and optimized data from analytical and semi-preparative lab-scale studies that are then scaled-up and standardized to suit industrial application. [4], [12]
Challenges
Common challenges experienced with the three approaches include:
Factors that limit the extraction of sufficient quantities of target compounds
Interference from coextracted compounds
Poor reproducibility
Technical difficulties in achieving desired level of purity
Time and cost constraints
Scale-up issues
Environmental and regulatory compliance issues
Product stability issues
Principles of Extraction
Mechanism
Extraction is a key process used to transfer target compounds from one phase into another immiscible phase and the universal goal is to achieve this effectively, efficiently and economically. The extraction mechanism is largely dependent on the extraction method used. Most methods are -based while others are solventless. Solid-liquid extraction of phytochemicals using solvents will be used as a mechanistic example as this is the most widely adopted and studied category of extraction methods.
In general, the solvent-based extraction mechanism involves initial contact of the solvent with the plant matrix, dissolution and mass transfer of surface phytochemicals into solution by , solvent penetration into the inert matrix, desorption of internal phytochemicals, and diffusion of phytochemicals out of the matrix. The process continues until an equilibrium is reached whereby the concentration of target phytochemicals in solution is equal to that present in and around the structural matrix. At times when equilibrium is reached there may still be significant amounts of target phytochemicals remaining in the plant’s structural matrix, and the process must be repeated for an exhaustive extraction. [12]
Main Factors that Affect Extraction
Solvents are used to dissolve the solute from the structural matrix of the plant particles. A common term is ‘like dissolves like’, hence polar solvents such as water, and methanol are used to dissolve polar target phytochemicals such as alkaloids, phenolic acids and flavonoids from the raw plant material. In contrast, non-polar solvents such as chloroform and hexane are used to dissolve non-polar phytochemicals such as terpenoids and other components of essential oils. Intermediate polarity solvents such as ethyl acetate and isopropanol are used for phytochemicals with intermediate polarities such as many flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic acids etc. Sometimes mixtures of solvents are used to optimize the extraction of particular components. When selecting solvents for extraction it is not only important to consider the physiochemical properties of the target phytochemicals to enhance solubility but also solvent reactivity with target phytochemicals, safety, regulatory issues alongside economic aspects.
Solid to Solvent Ratio
The ratio between the raw material mass and solvent volume affects the solubility limit, and the concentration gradient that governs diffusion. Generally, the more solvent that is used the faster the diffusion rate and the higher the yield. However, using large amounts of solvent can be costly also due to the excessive processing requirements respective of the yield obtained.
Particle Properties
Particle size affects the surface contact area between solvent and solutes where smaller particles have a collectively larger contact area and the faster the three phases of extraction occur. Reducing particle sizes can also help expose target phytochemicals by disrupting plant cell walls. The small particle sizes also enhance diffusivity as the intraparticle diffusion length and resistance are reduced. However, particles that are too fine can lead to clogging in the extraction or filtration equipment. Porosity of the particles can also affect diffusivity, as a highly porous complex matrix of the plant particles will reduce any mass transfer resistances of solvent into the particles and solutes out, increasing extraction rate. If it is difficult for the particles to soak in solvent, it will make sense to process them into smaller particles. If the particles are easily soaked then processing them into the smallest reasonable particle size will not be necessary.
Moisture Content
The moisture content or residual water in the plant particles (structural matrix) can facilitate or more restrict extraction of target phytochemicals depending on the circumstances. The extraction rate can be enhanced with a moderate level of moisture due to increased solvent permeability into the partially soaked particles. However, high levels of moisture can limit solvent permeability, reduce the concentration gradient due to the dilution effect, hinder the extraction of non-polar phytochemicals and increase enzymatic activity and hydrolysis which alters or breaks down the bioactive phytochemicals.
Agitation
Agitation improves extraction by increasing the rate of contact between solvent and plant particles, prevents stagnation layers from developing, maintains homogenous concentration gradients, reduces variability and distributes heat evenly. However, excessive agitation can damage phytochemicals that are sensitive to shear stress and lead to foaming of the extract solution.
Temperature and Pressure
Increased temperature generally increases extraction rate by increasing the solubility of phytochemicals in the solvent, supplies more kinetic energy which boosts diffusion and mass transfer rates, and reduces solvent viscosity making the phytochemicals and solvent molecules more mobile. However, excessive temperatures can lead to the degradation of thermolabile phytochemicals and is costly. Pressure can be used to increase the density of the solvent to increase solubility solvent permeability, by forcing solvent deeper into the plant particles. In combination at very specific ranges, temperature and pressure can also be used to achieve unique solvent properties such as supercritical fluids with both gas and liquid physicochemical properties (as with CO2)and can also be used to lower the solvent’s boiling point, which can optimize the selective extraction of particular phytochemicals.
Extraction Time
In general, the longer the extraction time the more phytochemicals are extracted at varying rates. Prolonged extraction can lead to the degradation of sensitive compounds depending on the extraction conditions. Optimal extraction times achieve the highest yields with the least degradation and co-extraction of interfering compounds (determined in quantitative analytical and semi-preparative studies). Extending extraction time beyond an optimal point results in diminishing returns.
Extraction Steps
The selection of raw material for phytochemical extraction depends on the approach and purpose. Generally, it involves careful consideration of the plant species and plant part that is likely to contain the highest concentrations of the target phytochemicals. The consistency of the raw material’s physicochemical characteristics and supply is also important, especially in industrial applications alongside considerations for sustainable practices. With analytical and semi-preparative approaches, thoroughly validating and cataloging the selected raw material is essential for reproducibility (species, origin, growth conditions, time of harvest, freshness, etc).
Raw Material Pretreatment
Pretreatment of the selected raw material is a preparative step, to remove contaminants, and to prepare and characterize the raw material for the extraction process. The raw material is usually fresh and commonly washed with water where damaged parts are excised. The latter is typical for samples grown outdoors where samples grown in controlled environments usually do not need a washing step. When the sample is clean, it is then dried via various methods (oven-drying, air drying, freeze drying, etc) to reduce and characterize the moisture content. The moisture content can also be used to calculate the dry weight of the sample, where the yield or phytochemical concentrations are expressed as a proportion of dry weight.
After drying, the sample is then pulverized via various methods (grinding, milling, blending, etc) to reduce particle size and then sieved through mesh to obtain the desired particle size range for extraction. The particle size range is noted as this is also a parameter of extraction.
Note that the drying and pulverization methods consider the sensitivity of the target phytochemicals to the pretreatment processes. For example, for thermolabile and volatile phytochemicals, non-thermal drying methods such as freeze-drying are better suited. Machine milling to reduce particle size is performed at the milder settings so as not to generate too much heat.
Selection of Extraction Method
Once the raw material is cataloged, prepared and characterized for moisture content and particle size, extraction can begin. The extraction method considers the sensitivity of the target phytochemicals especially to thermal degradation, oxidation and reactivity with solvent. Non-thermal extraction methods are chosen for thermolabile compounds and the complexity of the method is determined by resource availability and cost constraints.
Post-processing
After extraction, the extract solution is usually filtered to remove any particulates and then dried by rotary evaporation. The dried extract can then be
The extraction of natural plant-based products is an intricate, interdisciplinary process that synchronizes knowledge from scientific disciplines such as botany, chemistry, pharmacology, and engineering. This allows for the precise manipulation of natural resources in ways that preserve bioactivity, maximize yield, and ensure safety and efficacy of the final product. With ongoing advances in extraction technologies, biotechnology, and green chemistry, alongside the increased awareness of the dangers of many synthetic compounds, the potential for plant-based products in enhancing human health and well-being continues to expand.
References:
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[4]J. John, “Natural products-based drug discovery: some bottlenecks and considerations,” Curr Sci, 2009.
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[8]D. Thirumurugan, A. Cholarajan, S. S. S. R. and R. Vijayakumar, D. Thirumurugan, A. Cholarajan, and S. S. S. R. and R. Vijayakumar, “An Introductory Chapter: Secondary Metabolites,” Secondary Metabolites – Sources and Applications, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79766.
[9]I. F. G. Mera, D. E. G. Falconí, and V. M. Córdova, “Secondary metabolites in plants: Main classes, phytochemical analysis and pharmacological activities,” Bionatura, vol. 4, no. 4, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.21931/RB/2019.04.04.11.
[10]A. Altemimi, N. Lakhssassi, A. Baharlouei, D. G. Watson, and D. A. Lightfoot, “Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts,” Plants 2017, Vol. 6, Page 42, vol. 6, no. 4, p. 42, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.3390/PLANTS6040042.
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[13]A. M. Salam, J. T. Lyles, and C. L. Quave, “Methods in the Extraction and Chemical Analysis of Medicinal Plants,” pp. 257–283, 2019, doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8919-5_17.
[14]A. Antony and M. Farid, “Effect of Temperatures on Polyphenols during Extraction,” Applied Sciences 2022, Vol. 12, Page 2107, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 2107, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.3390/APP12042107.
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Non-German companies could potentially benefit from new recreational marijuana pilot programs in Germany, observers say. The European nation partially decriminalized adult-use cannabis on April 1, 2024, becoming the 9th country in the world to legalize cannabis and granting millions of Germans access to the drug.
Interestingly, Germany’s recreational cannabis measures also allow foreign companies to enter the German market via a cannabis pilot program license. These entities would need approval from the German municipality where they would set up shop. Furthermore, they have to prove that their pilot program had a scientific or experimental component to receive a pilot program license.
The Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) would then give final approval for qualifying programs and issue pilot program licenses. Businesses and institutions that meet these conditions will have a chance to enter the German cannabis market and take advantage of all the opportunities they might find there. Both Switzerland and the Netherlands have similar pilot programs.
As per current German marijuana rules, medical cannabis can only be compounded at pharmacies. International cannabis consultant and ASDA Consultancy Services principal Deepak Anand says this requirement makes any other cannabis product besides oil and flower ‘financially prohibitive’. It still isn’t clear if the pilot programs will allow cannabis sales.
Germany also has few licensed cultivators and imports a large amount of medical marijuana from other countries. Unlike the U.S. where product oversaturation has caused cannabis prices in several states to tank, Germany doesn’t produce enough cannabis to support local demand and could benefit by inviting companies that increase the country’s supply of cannabis.
However, the fate of Germany’s pilot programs is still unclear. The program was instituted by the Social Democrat Party, which currently runs the government, but the upcoming February elections could derail the entire program. The conservative Christian Democratic Union (CDU) is slated to win in February, and it may not be as supportive of adult-use cannabis pilot programs as the governing Social Democrat Party.
Marijuana industry observers in the country have varying opinions on whether the Christian Democratic Union will clinch the February elections and whether it will decide to roll back, eliminate, or leave the current administration’s cannabis reforms as they are. According to Anand, the CDU government will turn to European Union and international laws that ban cannabis sales and roll back the pilot programs.
For firms like Cronos Group Inc. (NASDAQ: CRON) (TSX: CRON) that are constantly on the lookout for new market openings, the pilot programs in Germany present an opportunity that they could evaluate and make a decision on whether it is something worth pursuing or not.
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TUCSON, Ariz., Dec. 27, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — via IBN – WEED Inc. (OTCQB: BUDZ), (“WEED,” “HEMP” or the “Company”), a global cannabis and hemp bioresearch company based in the U.S., shares the Company’s 2025 plans and reviews its 2024 highlights in a letter to shareholders.
Dear Fellow Shareholders,
WEED Inc aims to shape the future of the cannabis industry.
WEED Inc. subsidiaries are operating in the U.S., Australia and Israel
WEED Inc. is a global cannabis and hemp bioresearch company based in the USA, focused on the development and application of cannabis–derived compounds for the treatment of human and animal diseases, and is pleased to announce today that we intend to expand into “consumer packaged goods” utilizing our rare Landrace strains including Original Panama Red, Acapulco Gold, Red Bud Colombian, Santa Marta Gold, African Ebony, Jamaican, Thai (ThaiSticks) and Andalusian Nepelese (remember Temple Balls – Hash).
As your president and CEO, I’m so very grateful for your support and patience as our team at WEED move the company forward in 2025. The regulated markets, globally in cannabis, has grown and so have regulatory hurdles.
Here are some of the highlights from 2024:
March 2024: WEED Australia Ltd. representatives attended the Pharmaceutical Guild of Australia conference in Brisbane, Australia, to meet with Queensland V.P. of Finance, Dr. Kos Sclavos, and past National President. Dr. Sclavos has been supportive of our Medical Cannabis program designed for Australians by Australians to cultivate our unique Landrace strains for specific ailments and treatments for patients.
June 2024: In my role as WEED’s President and CEO, I traveled to conduct WEED Australia Ltd.’s Annual Shareholder meeting for year ending June 30, 2024. Our 8th year as a fully reporting medical cannabis pubco under ASIC rules. Successfully met with investors and attorneys to research an IPO in 2025. We are currently in the process of deregistering the Cannabis Institute of Australia, for cost cutting measures.
November 2024: We started the process of deregistering WEED Hong Kong Limited, that was founded in 2019 to handle international IP, but has been dormant due to Covid-19 and we believe is no longer necessary to our long term growth. These de-registrations are for cost cutting measures and will keep all I.P., Trademarks and Registered Marks in the U.S.A.
November 2024: We received our “registered mark” for “Panama Red” in USA and Canada. Registration number: 1,250,501 for the following categories of Goods/products:
Category (9) (1) downloadable and non-downloadable software for social networking education in the field of tobacco.Category (16) (2) stickers, postcards picture, postcards, magazine, and pamphlets.
Services: (41) production of news, webcast, arranging and conducting educational conferences, entertainment in the nature of music, festivals, entertainment service in the nature of presenting live music, festivals, entertainment, namely, live music, concerts, entertainment, namely, production of music, festivals, organization of exhibitions namely, production of music, festivals, organization of exhibiting for music, entertainment, organizing, festivals for culture and entertainment, purposes, namely, organization, and presentation of music, festivals and concerts for music, entertainment, organizing, festivals for culture and entertainment, purposes, namely, organization, and presentation of music, festivals and concerts. CEO was a national concert promoter for 17 years.
“Registered Marks” for “WEED” in USA and Canada. Registration number 1,260,391. Goods and products; Category (16) for stickers, postcards, picture, postcards and posters. This long process started in 2018 to add to WEEDs IP portfolio.
Service “Mark” for “WEED Rules!”. Notice of Allowance (NOA) issue date; April 9, 2024. U.S. Serial Number; 88060305, Docket/reference; 57196/6804. No opposition was filed for this published application. Goods/services category 025 & 035 by International Class.(025) Hats, T-shirts, shirts, tank tops, halter tops, tops, sweatshirts, jerseys, boxer shorts, headwear, footwear, bikinis, ties, wristbands, hat bands, sports bras, women’s athletic tops with built-in bras, fedoras, flip-flops, polo shirts, skull caps, bandanas(035) Promotional services, namely, distribution of advertising materials, including flyers and catalogs; providing consumer information and related consumer news in the field of marijuana and cannabis and medicinal and therapeutic marijuana and cannabis infused products
WEED Inc. has retained for long-term use and possible crypto “WEEDCOIN” currency. Domains included WEEDcoin.com.au, BillionDollarNews.com, SkunkPot.com, WEEDAustralia.com.au, along with 200 additional domains to build out I.P. & branding presence.
WEED has put up for sale, at a purchase price of $2.1 million, our Four Winds of Lake Erie LLc AKA the Sugar Hill golf course, 45 acres on Lake Erie, Portland, New York. The state of New York has shown strong interest in purchasing our property to develop a New York State Park.
WEED has acquired and maintains all five HEMP license in Arizona for cultivation, harvest, transport, product development, sales. Licenses are held under HEMP Biosciences Inc, an Arizona corporation wholly owned by WEED Inc., for the past five years.
WEED is researching licensing for a THC grow license in Arizona to begin revenue sales for WEED’S rare landrace strains acquired and kept F1 quality including original strains: Panama Red (July 1970) Redbud Columbian and Santa Marta Gold (1973) African Ebony (1978), Thai (Thai sticks, 1975) Andalusian Nepalese (1976). Remember “Temple Balls.”
WEEDs seedbank includes over 200 strains developed over 55 years. Due to federal regulations, there has been “zero” value on over 2 million seeds. None have been sold to market due to rarity of strains. WEED intends to grow, package, brand and sell wholesale when legally allowed.
WEED has no long-term debt and has NEVER taken out a convertible note. There’s approximately 125 million shares 0/S with ~ 31million shares in float through the end of 2024.
If you have any questions or seek further information, please do not hesitate to reach out. Thank you for your trust, support & partnership. 0nward to a Prosperous Happy New Year 2025 for all!
Sincerely,
Glenn E. Martin President & CEO WEED, Inc.
About WEED Inc:
WEED Inc is a leading cannabis company dedicated to delivering exceptional products and experiences to the cannabis consumer market. With subsidiaries spanning Israel, Australia, and the USA, the company focuses on innovation, quality, and sustainability. Through strategic acquisitions and partnerships, WEED Inc aims to shape the future of the cannabis industry.
WEED, Inc.’s Subsidiaries past comments:
WEED Israel (Cannabis) Ltd. “After over 4 years of putting human clinical trials and product development on hold due to COVID and now the war, WEED Israel is still poised and anxious to build out our global brands in both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical categories, starting with women’s health and veterans’ ailments (PTSD) to healthy green alternative medicines,” stated Elliot Kwestel, Managing Director of WEED Israel (Cannabis) Ltd. based outside Jerusalem.
Kwestel further commented, “WEED Israel looks to enrich and expand our clinical trials with both THC and Cannabinoid studies to promote healthy living for generations to come.”
WEED Australia Ltd. is based in Queensland on the Gold Coast.
Corporate Director Amanda Brunskill Scott has stated, “With the new regulations governing cannabis and hemp in Australia and the announcement in February 2021 to allow over-the-counter CBD medicines in pharmacies, now after Covid, timing is perfect to begin our clinical trials in Israel and Australia to bring new curative products to market as we move past COVID mandates in past years.
Managing Director Amanda Brunskill-Scott also commented, “Next year, 2025, the future of USA and Australia decriminalizing cannabis and hemp globally will prove to be a giant leap forward for worldwide cannabis legalization.”
WEED Hong Kong Ltd. Director Nicole Breen agrees, “The pandemic has affected all of us on a worldwide basis. Healing our planet with natural therapies, treatments and eventual “cures” utilizing natures’ own Cannabaceae plant with its many properties, both with high tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) compounds, I believe will change the force of medicine forever in the years to come. We look forward to an exciting year end and a Prosperous 2025.”
Caution Regarding Cannabis Operations in the United States:
Any Investors should note that there are significant legal restrictions and regulations that govern the cannabis industry in the United States. While legal in certain states, cannabis remains a Schedule I drug under the U.S. Controlled Substances Act, making it illegal under federal law in the United States to, among other things, cultivate, distribute, or possess cannabis.
That all Financial transactions involving proceeds generated by, or intended to promote, cannabis-related business activities in the United States may form the basis for prosecution under applicable U.S. federal money laundering legislation. That Investors should carefully read the risk factors and disclosures contained in our offering circular before making any decision to invest in our company.
Forward Looking Information:
This news release contains “forward-looking information” within the meaning of applicable securities laws. Forward-looking information contained in this press release may be identified by the use of words such as “may,” “potential,” “would,” “could,” “will,” “likely,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “intend,” “plan,” “forecast,” “project,” “estimate,” “outlook” and other similar expressions, and include statements with respect to any future revenue and profits.
Forward-looking information is not a guarantee of future performance and is based upon a number of estimates and assumptions of management in light of management’s experience and perception of trends, current conditions and expected developments, as well as other factors relevant in the circumstances, including assumptions in respect of current and future market conditions, the current and future regulatory environment; and the availability of licenses, approvals and permits.
Although the Company believes that the expectations and assumptions on which such forward-looking information is based are reasonable, undue reliance should not be placed on the forward-looking information because the Company can give no assurance that they will prove to be correct.
Actual results and developments may differ materially from those contemplated by these statements.
Forward-looking information is subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual events or results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking information. The statements in this press release are made as of the date of this release.
That the Company disclaims any intent or obligation to update any forward-looking information, whether as a result of new information, future events or results or otherwise, other than as required by applicable securities laws for the relevant country.
Legal Notice:
That the information is provided for convenience only, it is not investment advice and may not be relied upon in considering an investment in WEED, Inc.
That No representation or warranty, express or implied, is made as to the accuracy or completeness of any information contained herein, and any investment decision should be based solely on the information contained in the offering circular and related materials, and the investors independent research.
We advise that No representations or warranty, express or implied, is made as to the future performance of any investment in WEED, Inc. or that investors will or are likely to achieve favorable results, will make any profit at all or will be able to avoid incurring a loss on their investment.
In addition, all prospective investors are encouraged to consult with their financial, tax, accounting, or other advisors to determine whether an investment in WEED, Inc. is suitable for them.
Kava (also known as kava-kava, kawa kawa, ava ava, awa awa, yati, yagona, and yangona), is the name given by Pacific islanders both to a shrub belonging to the pepper family and the psychoactive beverage made from the rhizome.
Kava is native to Oceania but has been cultivated since 3’000 years ago throughout the regions of Micronesia, Polynesia, and Melanesia for medicinal purposes and ceremonial and social events. [1]
Kava’s enduring traditional use makes it a plant of great historical and traditional significance.
In Pacific cultures, this plant is considered sacred and its beverage is served when welcoming guests, celebrating childbirth, during marriages, as well as at funerals. Indeed, the Kava beverage has been compared to the use of wine in Western countries.
Furthermore, thanks to its psychoactive properties, it is used to reach a higher consciousness level during religious ceremonies. [1], [2]
Traditional Kava Effects
Traditionally, kava has also been used to induce physiological and psychological relaxation, as well as for the treatment of several diseases related to the genitourinary tract, such as chronic gonorrhea and menstrual problems, having an antiseptic effect on the urine. [1]
After Kava reached Europe, it gained a lot of popularity as an herbal medicine to treat anxiety and it is marketed as a dietary supplement in the U.S. to relieve stress, improve sleep and memory, and regulate mood. However, in Germany, in 2002 Kava’s use was banned due to its potential hepatotoxicity.
Unlike the well-documented neurological benefits, Kava’s toxic effects are still under debate. Undoubtedly there is a lack of standardization which makes the diversity of kava products a major challenge and produces an unmet need for quality initiatives [2].
Botany and Phytochemistry
The Latin name for Kava is Piper methysticum, meaning intoxicating pepper. Indeed, Kava is a shrubby plant belonging to the family of Piperaceaem, measuring from one over to four meters in height.
It is a hard, slow-growing perennial composed of main monopodial stems and lateral sympodial stems. These lateral branches grow from the young parts of the stem and, as they age, they die and fall away.
When the plant reaches maturity, it assumes the shape of a bouquet of ligneous stems clustered together at their base. There are over 150 cultivars of P. methysticum and they show a very high variation of habit: some of them are composed of a few stems with very long internodes, and some of them have short internodes. Some others present a much higher number of stems. Kava reproduces by stem propagation, due to the scarce incidence of female flowers and thus unproductive fruit pollination [2], [3].
The main active components of Kava are called kavalactones (or kavapyrones) and flavokavains that have analogous pharmacological activity and biosynthetic pathways.
The most abundant kavalactones are:
(+)-kavain (1.8%);
(+)-methysticin (1.2%);
desmethoxyyangonin (1%);
yangonin (1%);
(+)-dihydrokavain (0.6%);
(+)-dihydromethysticin (0.5%).
Also, all the flavokavains — divided into Flavokavains A, B, and C [1].
These components are usually extracted from the roots and the rhizome of the plant since their concentration decreases in the aerial parts of the plant. Moreover, the cytotoxic alkaloid pipermethysticin has recently been isolated from the aerial part of P. methysticum [2], [4].
Traditional Means of Kava Administration
Traditionally, Kava’s fresh rhizome is chewed and spit into a bowl, where it is mixed with cold water or coconut water and then strained through a natural fiber and served as a hot juice [1].
In Western societies, other extraction solvents rather than water have been used to maximize kavalactones’ yield and improve the anxiolytic power of the remedy, decreasing the possibility of other less controllable side effects.
Both kavalactones and flavokavains extraction yields are maximized using organic solvents such as acetone (> 80%) and 96% .
However, several studies prove that glutathione (GSH) might be a key component in reducing Kava’s side effects by binding irreversibly to kavalactones through a lactone ring-opening Micheal-type reaction. Contrarily to the other components, GSH’s higher extraction yields are obtained with ethanol concentrations lower than 50% [5].
Neurochemical activity
As previously anticipated, the diversity of Kava extracts relies on so many variables that, even though many studies have been conducted on the plant, it is difficult to systematize them.
Indeed, Kava is assumed both as a recreational drug and as a medicine. Not only does the dosage vary among these two uses, but also the control of the cultivar and the extraction , which is water when Kava is used as a recreational beverage, and organic when used as a medical preparation.
Nevertheless, Kava has shown a wide range of biological activities including:
Sedative,
Mild local anesthetic,
Analgesic,
Anxiolytic and antistress,
Antispasmodic,
Anticonvulsant,
Antithrombotic,
Hypnotic,
Skeletal muscle relaxant,
Antifungal,
Neuroprotective effects [6].
However, it has gained attention mainly because of its anxiolytic power. Anxiety disorders are probably the most common psychiatric disorders, having a lifetime prevalence of 15-20% of the global population.
Brief periods of anxiety are common in daily life, but anxiety is diagnosed as a psychiatric disorder when its intensity or duration reaches pathological proportions and its effects are debilitating to the individual.
Typical anxiolytic drugs are barbiturates and benzodiazepines, which have a positive effect on the release of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that has an inhibitory activity on the central nervous system (CNS).
A Little More Details on Kavalaktones
Kava’s neurochemical activity is mainly due to the kavalactones, which are only slightly different in their mechanism of action. The major differences are related to the pharmacokinetic properties (absorption rate, distribution in the body, metabolism, and elimination) of the individual compounds, but not to their biochemical activity.
Kavalactones share with barbiturates and benzodiazepines the facilitation of GABAergic transmission, which best accounts for the anti-anxiety and sedative properties of Kava. In addition, kavalactones block voltage-gated cation channels, which also causes sedation. [4], [6]
The main difference between Kava and traditional anxiolytic is its ability to inhibit the reuptake of noradrenaline, which plays a crucial role in cognitive functions associated with the frontal lobes, [4] This activity produces an increase in alertness by stimulation of central adrenergic mechanisms and may enhance memory and have a positive effect on the allocation of attention and processing capacity.
Does Kava has side effects?
Kava seems to have no adverse impact on cognitive functions, which is one of the main side effects of benzodiazepines and barbiturates assumption. [6] Furthermore, Studies on healthy volunteers confirmed that the deep sleep phase was lengthened and the duration of REM sleep was not influenced. These effects were viewed as being favorable, in comparison with orthodox sedatives that depress both REM and deep sleep.
This is why Kava may be seen as a first-line treatment for anxiety disorders, thanks to these positive effects on cognition in comparison to conventional anxiolytics. [4]
Adverse effects and lack of standardization
The safety of Kava has not been questioned until quite recently. The only undisputed adverse effect is a skin rash induced by excessive Kava drinking, which has been termed “kava dermopathy”. Its knowledge has its roots in the past and South Pacific islanders know by experience that it can be reversed just by abstaining from drinking Kava until the skin conditions clear up [6].
Nevertheless, in Western countries, a few cases of necrotizing hepatitis have been reported that have been attributed to the Kava assumption. In particular, Kava use as an herbal anxiolytic drug was banned in Germany between 2002 and 2014. [2], [6]
Many hypotheses have been made to explain the hepatotoxic mechanism and scientists have been questioning whether it could have been due to the different composition of the extract (different kavalactones ratio), the “nobility” of the cultivar, or to the use of aerial parts of the plant that might contain toxic alkaloids [2]. However, the most accepted hypothesis doesn’t rely on any of these options.
The observation of the total absence of reports about the occurrence of hepatotoxic events among traditional users leads to think that Kava’s toxicity might be due to its extraction solvent.
Indeed, while in the South Pacific Kava is extracted with water, Western pharmacological preparations are often obtained with organic solvents.
Summary and Conclusion
As previously said, the amount of GSH in Kava extract is directly proportional to the water-to-organic solvent ratio. [5], [7] This molecule is responsible for the lactone ring opening of kavalactones and thus for their metabolism.
On the other hand, lactones are usually metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 system. P450 inhibition or induction is an important factor leading to drug interactions since this family of enzymes is important for the degradation of toxins and pharmaceuticals.
Furthermore, P450s are most abundant in the liver and a few isoforms are responsible for 80% of the total hepatic metabolism. [7] A few of the Kava-induced hepatotoxic events were related to the depletion of these isoforms.
The absence of GSH in the Kava extract might induce an overload of the P450 system, particularly in subjects with a pre-existing GSH deficiency. [5]
Kava has demonstrated to have an elevated pharmacological potential primarily as an anxiolytic. However, to realize its clinical capacity at its maximum, scientists must address several challenges:
First, the substance must undergo a process of standardization in its cultivation, harvest, and post-harvest handling, extraction, fractionation, and manufacturing for commercialization, preclinical animal investigation, and human clinical evaluations. Without it, many contradictory observations that were difficult to reconcile were reported, and raised concerns about product safety;
Secondly, further systematic studies have to be conducted to fulfill the existing gaps in Kava’s pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
Finally, human clinical trials have to be designed and conducted to better adapt Kava modalities for specific disease indications. [2]
P. A. Whitton, A. Lau, A. Salisbury, J. Whitehouse, and C. S. Evans, “Kava lactones and the kava-kava controversy”, 2003, Phytochemistry, 64(3), pp. 673–679, 2003, doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00381-9.
“Would you like to be in charge of your own mind, of your own feelings, instead of them overcoming you? Overwhelming you all the time, so that a mere glance at another person’s face upsets you and throws you off for the next hour, a frown from someone; or even a smile from someone elates you for a little bit and then you go down again. This is your life. No, it’s not a life at all, it’s a very, very dreary, boring existence.
With the kind of self-exploration that we’re talking about now, everything can be different. But I better tell you something. You had better want it to be different.
If you’re satisfied with being unhappy, then I’m afraid you’re not going to be too excited about what we’re talking about. If you’re satisfied with going along the way you are with all your crying and all your tears and all your defeats, and loving that, if that is your love, I wouldn’t trade places with you for a billion dollars.
Well, maybe there’s someone watching and listening now who wants to be different, who wants to challenge the boundary lines of your own life, who wants to step beyond them and see what is there. So that’s what we are going to do now.
We’re going to take some preliminary steps in self-exploration, inner- exploration. First of all, self-exploration starts with you, with you looking inside, noticing how you are – you can do that. Did it ever occur to you before that you can look inside yourself and see yourself as you are?
Well, let me tell you what will happen at first for a long time, so you won’t be discouraged, so you won’t think you are doing the wrong thing, but will understand eventually that you are doing the right thing. I want you to know that when you begin the exploration of your own inner self, that when you do that for a long, long time, you’re going to be very, very confused.
And also you are going to be surprised, you’re going to be shocked. You’re going to look in wonderment at what you see inside yourself, because you’re beginning to see yourself as you have actually been all your life – whereas you thought you were someone else. Whereas before you were living in dream land about what a marvelous human being you are and how much other people owed you, for example.
Do you have the courage and do you have the honesty – and do you have the decency, the simple decency to face the fact that you don’t understand yourself? That you don’t know how to behave yourself out in the world, and so you put on a bluff, and so you fake it, and so you pay the price for it.”
Growing Relationships is a one-day B2B event that brings together retailers, producers, and ancillary services for networking, brainstorming, discussion, and learning. It’s designed to support business growth by providing an opportunity and space to build connections, share insights, and be part of the community conversations. We aim to deliver our events in the under-served communities, with the goal of opening up accessibility to industry events.
Our Manitoba 2025 event includes our signature networking activities and roundtable industry discussions. An essential component of Growing Relationships is engaging the community in discussions and brainstorming on current industry issues from diverse perspectives. We capture these insights and provide a summary to relevant regulators, ensuring they hear directly from those who are actively working in the industry.
Attendees will enjoy networking opportunities, engaging discussions, presentations and catered lunch.
ADULT ONLY: This event is only open to 18+ years of age. ID may be requested upon entry and if you do not meet the requirements, no refunds will be provided.
Attendees are required to follow all federal and provincial regulations.
Hear from past attendees
David Wood
You understand the industry and the people…
I loved this event. It is great, and pairing with Tether the night before was perfect. You understand the industry and the people!
Danielle French
Focus on independent retailers and growers…
I like that you focus on smaller independent retailers and growers as we often don’t have the resources to be heard as loud as the larger corporations.
Danielle French
Helped me remember I am part of a passionate community…
It helped me tremendously to remember and feel that I am part of a passionate community and not just existing in a silo as so many others described. I feel that was due to the independent retailer and micro-grow focus, so I really appreciated that and found it was such a constructive conversation.
Amber McGuire
A great opportunity to meet independent and micro growers…
The atmosphere was electric! It was such a great opportunity to meet some independent and micro growers we didn’t even know were around; these growers will definitely serve as an excellent addition to our menu. All thanks to StratCann’s incredible crew.
Jazz Samra
One of the most worthwhile events I have attended…
The Growing Relationships event by StratCann was one of the most worthwhile events I have attended this year. It was nice to meet so many people from all sides of the industry. It was a pleasure to participate in the retailer panel. Looking forward to more events.
Cody Hicks
The best cannabis conference I’ve been to…
In terms of organization, networking, and subject matter, it was truly the best cannabis conference I’ve been to.
Navin Paintal
Amazing, productive and progressive event…
Amazing, productive and progressive event! Appreciate your follow-up and all your efforts to make it so successful.
Ashley Neuman
Lots of insight into what’s going on in this industry…
There was lots of insight into what’s going on in this industry and it’s incredible that you gave this opportunity to everyone to share their expertise. Thank you for putting on an awesome event!
Alena Jenkins
Adding to the fabric of the industry…
I appreciate the opportunity to talk with some of the movers and shakers here in Alberta. The reciprocal dialogue was really great, and your innovative tools for fast networking were a blast for all. Thanks again for adding to the fabric of the industry in such a meaningful way.
Sharon Clark
Eagerly anticipating the next one!
Thank you for bringing Growing Relationships to Winnipeg. The feedback I received from producers, reps and retailers has been incredibly positive, and everyone is eagerly anticipating the next one.
Emily Rhiel
One of the most eye-opening and effective conferences…
I found so much value in StratCann’s Growing Relationships event and believe everyone should get to one at least once. It’s one of the most eye-opening and effective conferences I’ve attended. Putting everyone in a room to discuss and try to tackle all the issues together, ADORED IT!
Event Partner Opportunities
Participating as an Event Partner offers a unique opportunity to connect directly with cannabis industry leaders, showcase your brand, and foster valuable B2B relationships. As a partner, you’ll gain targeted exposure to an engaged audience of professionals and access to exclusive networking opportunities.
Contact us to explore how our Event Partner packages can amplify your reach and impact across the cannabis industry in 2025.
Event Tickets
Secure your tickets for Growing Relationships in Winnipeg, MB, on May 1, 2025. Available here:
Event Venue
Norwood Hotel 112 Marion St, Winnipeg, MB R2H 0V9 + Google Map
A senator in South Carolina has proposed a measure aimed at legalizing medical marijuana for individuals suffering from certain medical conditions. The measure was pre-filed by Senator Tom Davis (R) in preparation for next year’s legislative session.
The legislation closely mirrors earlier legislation introduced by Davis that gained approval in the state Senate earlier in the year but failed to progress in the House of Representatives. If passed, it would allow patients diagnosed with specific debilitating or terminal conditions to access medical marijuana. Conditions covered under the bill include Crohn’s disease, cancer, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, PTSD, and terminal illnesses where patients are expected to have less than a year to live. It also applies to chronic conditions typically treated with opioids.
Patients would need a recommendation from a licensed physician to access medical cannabis. However, the legislation explicitly prohibits the smoking of marijuana and its home cultivation. The state Department of Public Health, in coordination with the Board of Pharmacy, would be responsible for creating regulations regarding the cultivation, distribution, licensing, and oversight of medical marijuana businesses.
The proposed regulations include strict labeling and packaging requirements, particularly to ensure products do not appeal to children.
Local governments would retain the authority to regulate or prohibit the operation of medical marijuana in their jurisdictions. Cities, towns, and counties could also impose specific restrictions, such as limiting the number of marijuana businesses or setting operational hours.
According to Attorney David Ullian of Vicente LLP, a nationwide legal practice that focuses on psychedelics and cannabis, South Carolina has encountered many obstacles in its efforts to legalize cannabis. Ullian pointed out that despite the state’s robust public support for legalization, legislative action has been sluggish. It is unclear if the present plan will receive the required approval to become law because a previous version of this legislation cleared the Senate but stalled in the House.
Ullian noted that South Carolina residents have waited a long time for access to tested and regulated marijuana for managing their medical symptoms. He believes that passing the bill would provide them with a safe and legal way to obtain the treatment they need.
Senator Davis hopes the narrow focus and conservative approach of the measure will persuade hesitant members of the House to support it. The bill mandates physician oversight for patient authorizations and requires pharmacists to handle cannabis distribution, which Davis says aligns with what South Carolinians prefer.
Marijuana firms like TerrAscend Corp. (TSX: TSND) (OTCQX: TSNDF) will be hoping that this time round, lawmakers in South Carolina pass a medical marijuana law so that patients who need these treatments can access them legally.
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CNW420 spotlights the latest developments in the rapidly evolving cannabis industry through the release of an article each business day at 4:20 p.m. Eastern – a tribute to the time synonymous with cannabis culture. The concise, informative content serves as a gateway for investors interested in the legalized cannabis sector and provides updates on how regulatory developments may impact financial markets. If marijuana and the burgeoning industry surrounding it are on your radar, CNW420 is for you! Check back daily to stay up-to-date on the latest milestones in the fast -changing world of cannabis.
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(GLOBE NEWSWIRE) Minneapolis – Vireo Growth Inc. announced that it has executed definitive documentation with certain investors in connection with a $75 million equity securities offering. Additionally, Vireo has signed three definitive documents and one binding Memorandum of Understanding to acquire four single-state operators for total consideration of approximately $397 million in a series of all-stock transactions.
The merger transactions would expand Vireo’s operating footprint to the states of Florida, Missouri, Nevada and Utah, with the combined total footprint spanning seven states, approximately 1,043,500 square feet of cultivation and manufacturing space across nine facilities, and 48 retail dispensaries.
Vireo has signed definitive agreements to acquire Proper Brands in Missouri, Deep Roots Harvest in Nevada, and Wholesome Co Cannabis in Utah, while also signing a binding MOU to acquire The Flowery in Florida.
In addition to expanding the Company’s operating footprint with established, profitable operators in these four new state markets, the merger transactions also include the proprietary cannabis delivery and analytics platform “Arches” which would be licensed exclusively to Vireo’s portfolio of operating companies over time as regulations allow.
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Vireo estimates proforma revenue and EBITDA of the combined company of approximately $394 million and $94 million, respectively, for calendar year 2024. Upon closing, Vireo estimates the combined company will be well-positioned for further growth with a favorable balance sheet consisting of approximately $99 million of cash and $78 million of net debt.
The Company also announced that John Mazarakis, co-founder at Chicago Atlantic, has been appointed to the role of CEO and Co-Executive Chairman, effective immediately. Tyson Macdonald, former partner at TrueRise Capital, has been appointed to the role of CFO, effective immediately. Amber Shimpa will continue to serve as President of the Company and as CEO of Minnesota, Maryland, and New York.
Co-Executive Chairman Kyle Kingsley, MD commented, “We are excited to make these announcements and to welcome several well-established single-state operators to our Company. When fully completed, these transactions will transform our balance sheet with an equity raise completed at a substantial premium to market, position us to capitalize on new competitive strengths, and enable us to deliver more compelling long-term value for all stakeholders. I am also pleased to welcome John Mazarakis and Tyson Macdonald to our executive team, and am confident that the independent teams at Vireo, The Flowery, Proper, Wholesome, Deep Roots and Arches will build a stronger future together under their combined leadership.”
Chief Executive Officer and Co-Executive Chairman John Mazarakis said, “I am thrilled to become Vireo’s Chief Executive Officer and to unveil a new strategy in the management and development of leading U.S. cannabis assets upon completion of the merger. We are proud to introduce a new platform for operators to continue growing their businesses independently, embracing a decentralized approach that empowers local knowledge and expertise to flourish. We also look forward to supporting this network of partners with complementary shared corporate services and the proprietary Arches technology platform which will enable their companies to adapt quickly to consumer behavior and capture incremental market share.”
While around one in every five Americans now use marijuana, the understanding of its health effects has historically been limited. However, as regulations surrounding cannabis ease, scientists are gaining new insights into its benefits and risks.
Many believe it’s a safe and natural option for managing pain, muscle spasms, nausea, appetite issues, and PTSD. While research supports this, cannabis isn’t as risk-free as some assume. With fewer barriers to conducting research on the drug, scientists are uncovering potential long-term impacts on mental health, the lungs, the digestive system, and the heart.
Still, much remains unknown due to limited studies. Let’s dive into some of the latest findings on the substance.
Marijuana’s effectiveness for pain relief
Pain management is one of the most cited reasons for medical marijuana use in the U.S. However, research has revealed mixed results regarding its ability to relieve pain. Major studies have not found cannabinoids to consistently alleviate pain, prompting the International Association for the Study of Pain to refuse to endorse medical marijuana.
One challenge is the placebo effect, which can play a significant role in perceived pain relief. In one study, participants who used a cannabis-like substance reported similar levels of pain relief as those who used real cannabis. This suggests that while cannabis does alleviate pain for some, part of its effect may stem from psychological factors.
Marijuana use isn’t without risks
While marijuana doesn’t pose the same dangers as opioids, it’s far from harmless. Frequent use can have significant effects on mental and physical health. Modern strains are far stronger than those used decades ago, increasing the likelihood of side effects like paranoia or delusions. Cannabis addiction, though often overlooked, is also a common issue.
A rare syndrome linked to heavy marijuana use is rising
Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), a condition characterized by repeated bouts of severe abdominal pains, vomiting, and nausea, is another risk. First identified in 2004, CHS is becoming more prevalent, with emergency room visits doubling between 2017 and 2021. Experts estimate that up to 2.75 million Americans could be affected annually, particularly those who use marijuana heavily over extended periods. For now, the only effective treatment is discontinuing marijuana use.
Marijuana and heart health
The THC in marijuana influences blood flow, which can lead to heart-related issues. Studies show regular users face higher risks of strokes, heart attacks, and other cardiovascular problems. Smoking marijuana compounds this risk, as inhaling particulate matter alongside THC can damage arteries.
Misleading marijuana strain labels
Many people believe that marijuana strains labeled “indica” are calming while “sativa” strains boost energy and creativity. However, research shows these labels lack any real genetic or chemical basis. The lack of standardization creates confusion for consumers, underscoring the need for more accurate labeling practices in the industry.
As additional scientific data about the effects of marijuana is gathered, it is imperative that individuals use products sourced from licensed entities like Canopy Growth Corp. (NASDAQ: CGC) (TSX: WEED) to minimize any risks linked to contaminated illicit products that aren’t subjected to any testing or oversight.
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