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The Fall 2024 issue of Grow Opportunity has arrived!

The Fall 2024 issue of Grow Opportunity has arrived!

We are so pleased to present the Fall 2024 issue of Grow Opportunity!

The Election Special recounts a discussion between Robert W.E. Laurie and Robert Hoban about the impact on the North American cannabis market.

Themes of hemp vs. marijuana, the push for low potency products in Canada by Denis Gertler‘s Vantage Point column, and innovations in breeding and genetics emerge in Dustan McLean‘s Cultivation column this season.

Inside you’ll also find a company profile of Rubicon Organics™ with CEO Margaret Brodie CPA, CA ICD.D and VP of marketing and new business Mathieu Aubin.

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Thanks to Katie Pringle for another excellent Budtenders column about trade marketing, and to Peter Miller for sharing the sustainability focus at Creemore, Ontario’s Purple Hills.

To our newest journalist David Silverberg, we thank you for penning an excellent inquisitive piece on high stress training.

Editorial by Haley Nagasaki to follow!

Read the Fall issue here.

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Aurora Cannabis CEO Miguel Martin adds the role of executive chairman

Aurora Cannabis CEO Miguel Martin adds the role of executive chairman

Edmonton – Aurora Cannabis Inc. says chief executive Miguel Martin is adding the title of executive chairman.

The company says the board believes that combining the CEO and chairman roles will help promote strong and consistent leadership.

Martin has served as chief executive and a director of the company since September 2020.

The company says outgoing chairman Ron Funk will become the lead independent director.

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Funk had served as chairman of the board since 2021.

Aurora says the changes follow unanimous votes by its board and are effective immediately.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 20, 2024.

Companies in this story: (TSX:ACB)

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Aurora Cannabis CEO Miguel Martin adds the role of executive chairman

Canada’s largest cannabis conference and expo returns to Edmonton where cannabis innovation meets community

(Globe Newswire) Edmonton – Over the last decade Edmonton has been at the evolutionary forefront of the Canadian Cannabis industry and has once again been chosen as the host city for Canada’s largest Cannabis Conference and Expo: Grow Up 2024.

Grow Up Edmonton 2024 is set to bring together top growers, the biggest cannabis brands, and thousands of delegates for an unforgettable conference and trade show exploring all the topics making headlines in the cannabis industry. This year, Grow Up is also thrilled to see the return of cannabis ambassador, Tommy Chong, as he makes his return to his hometown of Edmonton all the way from L.A.

From September 30 to October 1, the Edmonton Convention Centre will host the Grow Up Conference, Expo, and Awards, featuring a dynamic schedule of events designed to drive innovation, education, and networking within the national cannabis community.

Highlights of Grow Up include:

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Exclusive Riverboat Kick-Off Party Saturday, September 28 8 – 11p.m.
Set sail aboard the Edmonton Queen for a memorable evening of food, music, and stunning river views. Limited to just 150 guests, this intimate event features live DJ performances, plus a Meet and Greet with Tommy Chong, making it the perfect way to kick off the Grow Up Alberta weekend.

Expo DaysMonday, September 30 – Tuesday, October 1 Daily
Dive into the heart of the cannabis industry with access to the Brands and Buyers Zone, Masterclass Technical Series, Speed Networking, Seed Exchange, and more. This is your chance to connect with industry leaders, discover cutting-edge technologies, and gain insights from top experts.

Canadian Cannabis Championship: Sunday, September 29 1 – 5 p.m.
Witness the best in Canadian cannabis compete for top honors in flower, pre-rolls, vape cartridges, and concentrates at this prestigious event. Live judging will take place in the Grow Up Consumption Lounge, with consumer participation welcomed.

Keynote Address by Minister Dale Nally, Minister of Service Alberta and Red Tape Reduction: Sunday, September 29 4 – 5 p.m.
Join Minister Dale Nally as he discusses “The Impact of the Red Tape Reduction Act on Alberta’s Cannabis Industry.” Learn about the progress in reducing regulatory hurdles, enhancing sampling and retail experiences, and future initiatives such as farmgate sales and public consumption.

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Interview with Tommy Chong – Monday, September 30 10:15 am
Legendary cannabis advocate Tommy Chong will return to Edmonton for an exclusive interview conducted by his son Paris Chong. Don’t miss this unique opportunity to connect with a cannabis icon.

Consumer Day – Sunday September 29, 2024 – 12 – 6 p.m.
Step into the world of cannabis like never before at our Grow Up Alberta Consumer Day! For just $25, experience an immersive and educational day open to all adults 18 years and older. Whether you’re a seasoned enthusiast or simply curious about cannabis, this event offers something for everyone.Tickets will be available for a special meet and greet with Tommy Chong.

Budtenders Day – Tuesday, October 1
Discover the Best of Cannabis at Grow Up’s Brands and Buyers Zone. For a special $25 experience product sampling, networking, and more!

Indigenous Cannabis: Pathways to Reconciliation and Industry Inclusion Monday, September 30 3:15 – 4 p.m.
Explore the critical role of Indigenous communities in the evolving cannabis industry. This panel will delve into the challenges and opportunities Indigenous entrepreneurs face, the importance of reconciliation, and how the industry can better support Indigenous participation and leadership. Hear from Indigenous leaders and advocates about their journey, successes, and the steps needed to foster a more inclusive and equitable cannabis sector.

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If you are still looking to be part of Grow Up, it is not too late! Be part of a pivotal event that shapes the future of the cannabis industry. Tickets are now available for purchase, with options including single-day and full-event passes.

For retail buyers, the Brands and Buyers Zone offers unparalleled access to leading cannabis brands and new products. Retail store owners, managers, and buyers are encouraged to apply for this exclusive opportunity to enhance their business and connect with key industry players.

For more information on the event schedule, ticket sales, and exhibitor details, visit the Grow Up website at https://growupconference.com/

Media Contact:
Catherine Bangel
Bangel PR
780-263-1358
catherine@bangelpr.ca

Canadian Cannabis Leadership Summit 2024 in Ottawa

Canadian Cannabis Leadership Summit 2024 in Ottawa

The Cannabis Council of Canada (C3) is hosting its Canadian Cannabis Leadership Summit 2024 in Ottawa on Wednesday, October 1. 

The half-day event will take place at the National Arts Center (NAC) in Ottawa near Parliament Hill, with four panels from 1:00-5:00 pm focussed on issues facing the industry.

Those panels will include an in-depth conversation about the excise duty and its impacts on the industry, with C3 calling for a 10% ad valorem rate to replace the $1 a gram rate. A second panel will explore the need for a single national excise stamp. The third and fourth panels will focus on reducing the overall regulatory burden and the need for industry to come up with a standard “unit” of THC. 

C3 president Paul McCarthy, who has been busy reinvigorating the organization since taking on the position in April, says he’s bringing together topics and speakers that reflect the most pressing issues the industry currently faces.

“There are a number of goals associated with this conference. I think it is important to establish the Canadian Cannabis Council not just as a trusted voice in this industry but as the trusted voice. To do that, we need to be leading the conversation, and doing so in a responsible and credible manner. That requires taking on the tough issues by bringing together the leading experts, be it in cannabis, mental health, finance, or whatever discipline is needed. That is how you advance the conversation. And if you look at our panels, you’ll see precisely that.”

Speakers include Beena Goldenberg, CEO, Organigram; Orville Bovenschen, President, Pure Sunfarms; David Lobo, CEO, Ontario Cannabis Store; Dr. Mark Ware, Director, Allan Edwards Pain Management Unit; Gillian Schauer, Executive Director, US Cannabis Regulators Association; and, Barry Katzman, Managing Director, Peak Processing.

“Job number one,” continues McCarthy, “is about the financial viability of licensed producers. That is why two of the four panels we are hosting are on the excise duty rate and the excise stamp. These represent our top two issues. We want to bring these conversations to the doorstep of Parliament so that there is broader awareness and understanding and so that everyone is clear on what we are asking for.”

McCarthy says he has plans for C3 to host more events of this kind in the next year. Keeping events like this to just a few panels not only reflects the busy nature of the industry, he explains, but also recognizes that the politicians and policymakers they are also speaking with have busy schedules and many competing priorities.

“We are hosting this over an afternoon because we feel that’s the most effective way to do it: be laser-focused on the top priorities. You cover less width but get more depth. And then people are really clear about what is important to you and why. Of course, in this instance, change to the excise tax is imperative if we are to have financial viability for licensed producers. It’s the top issue by far.”

More information on the Canadian Cannabis Leadership Conference is available here.


420 with CNW — Study Finds Cannabis Grown in Colombian Jungles Possesses Uncommon Terpenes

420 with CNW — Study Finds Cannabis Grown in Colombian Jungles Possesses Uncommon Terpenes

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A new study on cannabis grown in Colombia highlights the impressive variety of phytochemicals in the plants. The study identified four different chemotypes based on their cannabinoid profiles, revealing an abundance of uncommon terpenes.

The study’s results, which were published in the “Phytochemical Analysis” journal, indicate that the wide range of compounds found in Colombian marijuana could benefit both growers and the medical cannabis industry. Further, the findings demonstrate Colombia’s potential to be a leader in the global cannabis industry, particularly in South America, as new markets continue to develop.

The authors state that one reason for this diversity is Colombia’s varied environmental regions. The country is known for its array of landscapes, including snowy mountains, tropical coastlines, deserts, rainforests and grasslands. This environmental variety has already contributed to the success of other agricultural industries, such as coffee production.

Researchers collected 156 cannabis samples from 17 licensed medical cannabis cultivation sites, spanning 7 provinces and 5 regions of Colombia. Growers provided information about the types of plants used in the samples — local, imported or hybrids — as well as specifics regarding the growth conditions (indoor, outdoor or greenhouse).

Significant structural and color differences were evident in the samples even before any chemical testing was conducted. The study found that whereas some blooms were more open and airy, others were compact and dense. The samples’ colors ranged from bright, warm tones to softer, more subdued hues.

The research team divided the cannabis into four primary categories after examining the cannabinoids in each sample: type 1, which was dominant in THC; type 3, which was prominent in CBD; type 4, which was dominant in CBG; and type 2, which was balanced. Even though these kinds were distributed throughout Colombia, certain regional patterns did show up.

For instance, plants from the Coffee Triangle region had the highest concentrations of CBD-A, whereas cannabis from the Amazon and south-central regions had the highest THC-A levels. Additionally, the researchers found that cannabis from these same regions contained higher levels of certain compounds, such as CBDV, CBGA and THCV.

The authors also measured the levels of 23 distinct terpenes in the samples. THC-dominant strains showed the greatest variety of terpenes, while CBD-dominant and balanced strains had β-myrcene as the most common terpene. Some types also contained high levels of terpenes that are less common in North American cannabis, such as nerolidol and linalool. The study highlights that the observed diversity in these samples is likely due to a combination of genetic factors and the environment in which the plants were grown.

Interestingly, the research found that nearly one-half of the samples were local varieties, with most of the rest being hybrids of imported and local strains. Very few samples were purely imported. This suggests that Colombia’s long history of growing cannabis before legalization has influenced the country’s current medical cannabis market, with growers blending local and foreign cultivars.

The study provides the first detailed metabolic analysis of legally grown cannabis in Colombia, uncovering significant chemical diversity. The researchers believe that this diversity could contribute to new opportunities in medical cannabis worldwide. They recommend further studies that include full-genome sequencing and a deeper exploration of how environmental factors influence the chemical makeup of cannabis plants.

As more cannabis companies and patients leverage these different cannabis compounds for therapeutic purposes and their efficacy is confirmed, the cannabis industry could boom even more, and ancillary entities such as Innovative Industrial Properties Inc. (NYSE: IIPR) could also see a commensurate uptick in the business opportunities available to them.

About CNW420

CNW420 spotlights the latest developments in the rapidly evolving cannabis industry through the release of an article each business day at 4:20 p.m. Eastern – a tribute to the time synonymous with cannabis culture. The concise, informative content serves as a gateway for investors interested in the legalized cannabis sector and provides updates on how regulatory developments may impact financial markets. If marijuana and the burgeoning industry surrounding it are on your radar, CNW420 is for you! Check back daily to stay up-to-date on the latest milestones in the fast -changing world of cannabis.

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Tokyo Smoke begins Stalking Horse sale process

Tokyo Smoke begins Stalking Horse sale process

Tokyo Smoke has now entered into a share subscription agreement with its parent company, pursuant to which the parent company, TS Investments Corp., will acquire all of the issued and outstanding shares of Tokyo Smoke. 

A judge endorsed the agreement on September 18 and announced by Tokyo Smoke on September 19. The purchase price is around $77 million, and the buyer is obliged to take on certain liabilities of Tokyo Smoke. 

As part of the stalking horse agreement, Tokyo Smoke was also approved to restructure its previously announced CCAA process from August. This will allow Tokyo Smoke to open the sale and investment solicitation process (SISP).

The Company has obtained approval from the Court in its restructuring proceedings commenced under the Companies’ Creditors Arrangement Act (the “CCAA“) to implement a sale and investment solicitation process (the “Sale Process“) to seek interest in and opportunities for a sale, restructuring, recapitalization or other form of reorganization of the Company’s business for a purchase price above the purchase price being offered by the TS Investments Corp under the stalking horse agreement. TS Investments Corp is Tokyo Smoke’s sole shareholder. 

Interested bidders can participate in the two-phase sales process beginning September 20, 2024. The first phase has a goal to solicit non-binding letters of interest. The deadline to submit letters of interest compliant with the sale process terms is 5:00 pm Eastern Time on October 21, 2024. The second phase will seek binding agreements from compliant parties, with bids to be submitted by 5:00 pm Eastern Time on November 11, 2024.

The consummation of any bid, including the bid submitted by the Buyer under the Stalking Horse Agreement, is subject to closing conditions that are customary for transactions of this nature under the CCAA, including compliance with the applicable bidding procedures and approval of the Court.

Tokyo Smoke notes that it began the restructuring proceedings under the CCAA in order to align its operations with current market and regulatory conditions, which it says have changed significantly since the initial licensing regimes were introduced. Tokyo Smoke intends to exit from CCAA protection as a stronger business, better positioned to continue providing premium products to its customers over the long term while continuing to provide jobs to its dedicated employees across Canada.

Toko Smoke’s monitor in the process, Alvarez and Marsal, will post on its website, as soon as practicable, any modification, amendment, variation or supplement to the bidding procedures and inform the bidders impacted by such modifications.

An updated service list posted on September 17 includes Canopy Growth, National Cannabis Distribution, Health Canada, Canada Revenue Agency, the Attorney General of Canada, Ontario Ministry of Finance, the AGCO, Alberta Ministry of Justice, the government of Newfoundland and Labrador, the Manitoba LGCA, the government of Manitoba Department of Finance and Taxation Division, the SLGA, and Saskatchewan Finance. 

A list of Tokyo Smoke’s creditors from August 30 shows more than $94 million owed to secure and unsecured creditors. 


Arbitrator rules cannabis detection was not impairment

Arbitrator rules cannabis detection was not impairment

A federal arbitrator recently ruled that a train engineer who was found to have had cannabis in his system did not need to face penalties because he was not impaired.

The locomotive engineer from Saskatchewan tested positive for THC in a urinalysis conducted on March 30, 2022, after an incident where the engineer had failed to secure his train. 

Although an oral swab and breathalyser were both negative, urinalysis showed that he was positive for cannabis metabolites (53 ng/ml). 

The man’s union brought the grievance to arbitration, arguing that since the man was not found to have been impaired, a penalty of a thirty-day suspension and six months of random on-the-job testing was uncalled for. 

The company, Canadian Pacific Kansas City, argued that the random testing is appropriate for safety reasons, given the dangerous nature of the work, even if no discipline is imposed.

The man told company investigators at the time of testing that he had consumed a cannabis candy some 16.5 hours before his tour of duty.

In his analysis, the arbitrator noted that urinalysis has “repeatedly been found by arbitrators to be incapable of assessing when or in what quantity drugs were consumed, and whether the employee was impaired.” Because of this and because the engineer, who had 28 years of seniority at the time of the incident, showed no signs of impairment, the arbitrator found him not to have been impaired. 

As such, in a ruling posted on September 16, federal arbitrator James Cameron ruled that the thirty-day suspension be struck down, with the employee compensated for lost time. He also found that the six months of random testing was not warranted since he was not impaired and was, therefore, not in violation of company policy. 

Another ruling, posted on the same day by the same arbitrator, ruled that a subsequent termination of the same employee who had been found to have alcohol in his system following testing conducted under the initial six-month random sampling penalty was uncalled for.

The locomotive Engineer, John Downey of Sutherland, SK, was dismissed from service by Canadian Pacific Kansas City on January 28, 2023, after testing positive for alcohol on December 5, 2022. 

The man’s union argued that he was not actually impaired at the time of testing, nor had he intentionally violated company policy by consuming alcohol nearly a full day prior to his shift. 

Downy told company investigators at the time of his random sampling that he had consumed alcohol around 20 hours before the start of his next shift, accounting for the breath alcohol content screening at 0.051% Blood Alcohol Content and subsequent lab confirmation positive at 0.046% BAC.

Company policy based on his previous suspension and six months of random testing was that Downy could not consume any intoxicating substances during the six-month period. He and his union contend that Downy thought the only substance covered in this ban was cannabis. 

The company argued that Downy was subject to duty in the day prior to the shift where he tested positive for alcohol because he was on call. The union successfully argued that he was not subject to duty at the time and, therefore, should have his position reinstated and made whole for the loss of wages and benefits, minus mitigation.


THC-O and the Dangers of Non-Natural Cannabinoids: A Call for Caution

THC-O and the Dangers of Non-Natural Cannabinoids: A Call for Caution

Cannabimimetics or what is known as “non classical” cannabinoids have become a widespread area of desired research for unknowing public consumption. Through the passing of several worldwide laws that allow the cultivation and extraction of CBD (Cannabidiol) from the Hemp plants have become a billion-dollar industry.  With laboratories working faster than lawyers in many places, the proliferation of non-organic and potentially health threatening derivatives have come to the shelves. 

For those fighting chronic medical illness, the lack of research completed on the concentration of these non-natural compounds can put the consumer in danger from the unknown side effects of solvents and secondary elemental reactions. 

Synthetic or “Syncans” are cannabinoids of which are synthesized by man and do not occur in nature.  These substances are designed to mimic cannabinoids in terms of interaction with cannabinoid receptors thus inducing similar effects.

Their molecular structure does not necessarily look like that of  tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) derived from a plant, they can be synthesized in the lab in large quantities and without waiting the habitual time to accumulate naturally in plant trichomes.

This has become a reliable source of mass income for some massive Hemp and CBD manufacturers, opening doors to a plethora of unregulated products that wind through the cracks and loopholes of federal prohibition. 

This has effectively made a game of illegitimate documentation and lab testing results that border on fraudulent.  With chemists seemingly smarter than lawyers, they continue to synthesize and isolate new cannabinoids to commerce upon, while political reviews struggle to keep up with the science. 

Through processes such as chemical extraction the compounds are separated and isolated then being used to synthesize loophole cannabinoids chemically.  On shelves where CBD products are often sold, being seen is a cornucopia of alternative cannabinoid products with inflated THC potencies.

These are made by adding back together what was separated and isolated, creating a higher potency mixture that is then added to edibles and consumables for commerce.  In this way, the liver — being the organ that naturally metabolizes THC into 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC) — can result in more intense highs and effects, which can sometimes be overpowering for the patient or consumer.

The use of acids in the creation of synthetic cannabinoids can reduce the ability to achieve a full spectrum effect compared to natural cannabis extracts.  

What is THC-O and Why Poses Concerns

THC-O acetate is among the class of synthetic cannabinoids, non occurring in nature. The inclusion of THC-O in cannabis products is debated both in cultural and legal pursuits due to its unpredictable effects on consumption.  It has been studied to have 4 times the high of the naturally occurring psychotropic counterpart. [2]  This compound is commonly synthesized through acetylation, starting from THC isomers and using compounds like acetic anhydride while refluxing. [2], [3]

THC-O was studied, among various chemical agents, as a potential military weapon in a US government project called the Edgewood Arsenal. The experiments took place between the 1940 and 1970 and THC-O was proven to induce cognitive impairment and produce ataxia which is a lack of voluntary muscle coordination. [5]

Reports have been filed in many countries documenting the hallucinations and erratic behavior of some that have consumed these man-made cannabinoids.  With effects reaching levels similar to that of LSD and major hallucinogens, it’s important to understand the risks associated with these synthetic cannabis derivatives, which are often lacking rigorous controls on manufacturing procedures, residues and long-term effects. [4]

In present manufacturing, many tests confirm that there are less than 1% of the original plant compound remaining in most widely sold products.  [2]

Lack of homogeneity in mixtures and inconsistent development of methods contribute to the creation of large batches of unregulated and inconsistent products. These products may be sold over the counter due to a lack of verified knowledge and regulatory oversight. 

Test results and laboratory certifications, such as Certificates of Analysis (COAs), are sometimes found to be fraudulent. Variability in testing procedures, material processes, and potential manipulation of documentation for financial gain further exacerbate the problem posing serious concern in the world of cannabis infused products. Laboratory testing has become a critical risk management point, highlighting the need for improved oversight and consistent verification in the industry.

A recent study published in 2023 alerts the public health community about the presence of Δ8-THC-O acetate in commercially available vaping products, posing a serious risk for pulmonary toxicity. It is important to remember that in 2019 an epidemic of severe lung injury associated with the use of electronic cigarettes occurred, leading to 2087 hospitalizations in the USA and many deaths.

This is thought to be caused primarily by the inhalation of vitamin E acetate (VEA). This epidemic was called E-cigarette or vaping product use–associated lung injury (EVALI). Enhanced scrutiny and regulation of vaping products, including those containing synthetic cannabinoids, are essential to safeguard against potential health risks and prevent future outbreaks of related illnesses. [4]

Wrap Up on Cannabimimetics

It is always important to pay attention to the label, and ask for the CoA reporting the place in which the batch was produced and the name of the third party lab testing that particular product. If you are buying a blended product, not of natural origin, the fewer ingredients the better. This will ensure an experience that is more focused on health and wellness and less risks will be at play with the outcome. 

When choosing products made out of solvent extraction, it is recommended to take time to check the product origin and research the presence of additives. Always research the products  that you are choosing to consume. This is a necessary step in cannabis in order to ensure safety and quality, especially as research on cannabimimetics progresses and legislation evolves.

References:

  1. Holt AK, Poklis JL, Peace MR. ∆8-THC, THC-O Acetates and CBD-di-O Acetate: Emerging Synthetic Cannabinoids Found in Commercially Sold Plant Material and Gummy Edibles. J Anal Toxicol. 2022 Oct 14;46(8):940-948. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkac036. PMID: 35674405; PMCID: PMC9564187.
  2. Davidson C, Opacka-Juffry J, Arevalo-Martin A, Garcia-Ovejero D, Molina-Holgado E, Molina-Holgado F. Spicing Up Pharmacology: A Review of Synthetic Cannabinoids From Structure to Adverse Events. Adv Pharmacol. 2017;80:135-168. doi: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.05.001. Epub 2017 Jun 20. PMID: 28826533.
  3. Kruger DJ, Amila K, Kaplan SM, Redfield J, Stacy T, Agarwal V, Faqqouseh M, Bone CC. A Content Analysis of Social Media Discussions on THC-O-Acetate. Cannabis. 2023 Jul 5;6(2):13-21. doi: 10.26828/cannabis/2023/000164. PMID: 37484050; PMCID: PMC10361800.
  4. Benowitz NL, Havel C, Jacob P, O’Shea DF, Wu D, Fowles J. Vaping THC-O Acetate: Potential for Another EVALI Epidemic. J Med Toxicol. 2023 Jan;19(1):37-39. doi: 10.1007/s13181-022-00921-3. Epub 2022 Dec 12. PMID: 36508081; PMCID: PMC9813278.
  5. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00788R001500160012-7.pdf
Ancient Psychedelics History and What We Can Learn from It

Ancient Psychedelics History and What We Can Learn from It

Interest in psychedelics from the Western world has been growing in the recent years, as more studies uncover the mental-health benefits of psychedelics such as psilocybin, LSD and MDMA. While this field continues to grow, discoveries are also shedding light on the role that these substances played in ancient societies.

Dr.Yuria Celidwen, a senior academic at UC Berkeley, reveals that the term “psychedelic” is modern. For centuries, Indigenous communities referred to these drugs as spirit medicines. Historical documents show the use of these substances for healing was a minor role, with major uses being sacred rituals, palliative care, strengthening connections in communities and exploring consciousness. The substances also facilitated hedonism and creativity.

Records also demonstrate that the ancient Romans and Greeks held periodical rites that involved the use of kykeon, a psychoactive drug.

According to Osiris Sinuhé González Romero, a researcher at the University of Saskatchewan, the Codex Vindobonensis is one of the oldest written documents that describe a ritual involving psychoactive mushrooms. Following the colonization of Mexico by Spain, knowledge of these rituals was spread through a scholar who spent many years documenting and studying the culture, history and beliefs of the Aztecs. In addition, Professor Albert Garcia-Romeu reveals that the scholar Bernardino de Sahagún also narrated Aztec rituals that involved psilocybin mushrooms in the 1500s in a setting that practitioners nowadays may refer to as group therapy.

Celidwen notes that for societies in the west to appreciate why Indigenous peoples have valued these rituals, they need to understand the belief systems for interpreting and interacting with the world around them. She highlights how the use of psychoactive drugs in ancient communities is based on interacting with the spirit and natural worlds, which is different from the use of these substances in the west.

The ancients focused on the collective well-being of one, focused on restoring one’s balance with the spirit world.

The modern world also needs to recognize the sacred value of these drugs. Celidwen and colleagues have noted that if there’s anything to learn from ancient cultures, it is that the actual power of these psychoactive substances lies in their ability to encourage bonds between communities and people. This means that patenting these drugs may not be a good idea in the long-term, because it’s the relationships that bring the healing. There’s also a need to ensure that this burgeoning industry benefits peoples in Indigenous communities, particularly since they may be vulnerable to exploitation.

Psychedelics startups such as Seelos Therapeutics Inc. (NASDAQ: SEEL) have plenty to unpack from the history of the way psychedelics were used, and then they can explore how best practices can be incorporated in the use of these substances in modern times.

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Groundcovers That Attract Pollinators To Your Garden

Groundcovers That Attract Pollinators To Your Garden

I have fallen in love with groundcovers, not just because of the aesthetic they bring to the landscape. Climbing hydrangea spread out in a frothy white pattern around a favorite tree is whimsical; honeysuckle meandering through a perennial bed instead of respectfully climbing a trellis is just as lovely. But I am mostly enthralled because groundcovers are a little-known pollinator food source.

ground flowers attract pollinators

ground flowers attract pollinators

However, it sounds daunting to plant groundcovers. Which are the best for pollinators? What if the plant takes over the garden (some can be aggressive growers)? Worse, what if I don’t like them after all?

Gary Lewis of Phoenix Perennials in Richmond, BC, is a groundcover expert. His book The Complete Book of  Groundcovers offers insight into over 4,000 groundcovers. When I spoke with him earlier this year about groundcovers for the latest edition of Garden Culture magazine, he gave me some great advice. Start slowly, plant a few patches, watch them grow, and then gradually build a garden full of groundcovers.

Perennial Groundcovers for Pollinators

Most groundcovers are perennials and will return faithfully year after year. Start slow and plant these pollinator favorites:

Creeping phlox

This plant grows up to 1 foot and does best in full sun to part shade. It blooms from spring to summer and is available in pink, lavender-blue, violet, and white.

Tiarella cordifolia (foamflower)

Foamflower enjoys partial sun to full shade, with foliage reaching a height of about 10 inches and the flowers 24 inches. The bottlebrush-like flowers bloom in the spring and attract pollinators such as ground bees, wasps and honeybees.

Tiarella cordifolia (foamflower)

Tiarella cordifolia (foamflower)

Bugleweed (Ajuga reptans)

This low-growing beauty produces a beautiful, bee-friendly carpet that suppresses most weeds while giving entry space for ground-nesting pollinators. It blooms mid-to-late May and spreads but can be contained by dividing or thinning every year or two.

Bugleweed

Bugleweed

Pachysandras—Japanese pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis)

This is a common groundcover for part-to-deep shade, especially under trees. The native pachysandra, also called Allegheny spurge, is taller, slower-spreading and an interesting alternative that blooms in very early spring when many pollinators have just broken hibernation and need nectar and pollen.

Herbs

Many herbs can also double as flowering groundcovers. Just as they flavor our meals, they offer pollinators something good to eat.

Creeping or red thyme (Thymus praecox ‘Coccineus’) 

Creeping thyme is semi-evergreen, and when in bloom, its cloud of reddish lavender flowers gives an effect similar to that of the phloxes from a distance. Thyme is a favorite for moths and butterflies.

Creeping or red thyme (Thymus praecox ‘Coccineus’) 

Creeping or red thyme (Thymus praecox ‘Coccineus’) 

Peppermint

Although mints are not as easy to control or contain as other groundcovers, they are a favorite source of nectar and pollen for many bees.

Shrubs

Many ground-hugging shrubs are also nectar-rich buffets for pollinators.

Cotoneaster

The tiny white spring flowers of cotoneaster feed bees and the resulting red berries are adored by birds through the winter.

Winter-blooming heathers 

Winter-blooming heaters are tough and drought-tolerant once established. In milder climates, honeybees gather nectar from the plant, even in the middle of winter.

Creeping evergreens (such as Juniper)

Creeping evergreens provide excellent erosion control on slopes and allow access to underground nesting pollinators. Honeybees will harvest resins to use as caulk and boost their immune systems.